Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing

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A unique, well-documented, and forward-thinking work, the second edition of Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing continues to present a thoroughly updated, authoritative, and comprehensive description of all major aspects of natural gas transmission and processing. It provides an ideal platform for engineers, technologists, and operations personnel working in the natural gas industry to get a better understanding of any special requirements for optimal design and operations of natural gas transmission pipelines and processing plants.

• First book of its kind that covers all aspects of natural gas transmission and processing
• Provides pivotal updates on the latest technologies, which have not been addressed in-depth in any existing books
• Offers practical advice for design and operation based on sound engineering principles and established techniques
• Examines ways to select the best processing route for optimal design of gas-processing plants
• Contains new discussions on process modeling, control, and optimization in gas processing industry

Petroleum Engineers, Pipeline Engineers, Chemical Engineers, any engineer working with natural gas

Endorsements for the Second

Preface to the Second Edition

Authors Biographical Sketches

Chapter 1. Natural Gas Fundamentals

1.2 Natural Gas History

1.3 Natural Gas Origin and Sources

1.4 Natural Gas Composition and Classification

1.5 Natural Gas Phase Behavior

1.6 Natural Gas Properties

1.7 Natural Gas Reserves

1.8 Natural Gas Exploration and Production

1.9 Natural Gas Transportation

1.10 Dynamics of Global Gas Business

Chapter 2. Natural Gas Energy Pricing

2.2 Energy Pricing, Supply, and Demand

2.3 Sustainability and the Increasing Fascination with Natural Gas

2.4 Is Natural Gas Always “Nonrenewable”?

2.5 U.S. Natural Gas: Pricing, Markets, Risk Management, and Supply

2.6 Natural Gas in Eurasia: the Special Position of Post-Soviet Russia

2.7 Looking to Nature for a New Model

Chapter 3. Raw Gas Transmission

3.2 Multiphase Flow Terminology

3.3 Multiphase Flow Regimes

3.4 Determining Multiphase Flow Design Parameters

3.5 Predicting Temperature Profile of Multiphase Pipelines

3.6 Velocity Criteria for Sizing Multiphase Pipelines

3.7 Multiphase Pipeline Operations

3.8 Multiphase Flow Assurance

Chapter 4. Basic Concepts of Natural Gas Processing

4.2 Scope of Natural Gas Processing

4.3 Typical Setup of Gas Processing Plants

4.4 Finding the Best Gas Processing Route

Chapter 5. Phase Separation

5.2 Gravity Separators

5.3 Multistage Separation

5.4 Centrifugal Separators

5.5 Twister Supersonic Separator

5.6 Slug Catchers

5.7 High-Efficiency Liquid-Gas Coalescers

5.8 High-Efficiency Liquid–Liquid Coalescers

Chapter 6. Condensate Stabilization

6.2 Stabilization Processes

6.3 Condensate Storage

Chapter 7. Natural Gas Sweetening

7.2 Gas Sweetening Processes

7.3 Liquid-Phase Processes

7.4 Dry-Bed Processes

7.6 Cryogenic Fractionation

7.7 Other Processes

7.8 Process Selection

Chapter 8. Sulfur Recovery and Handling

8.2 Sulfur Properties

8.3 Sulfur Recovery

8.4 Tail Gas Treating

8.5 Sulfur Degassing

8.6 Sulfur Storage and Handling

8.7 Sulfur Disposal by Acid Gas Injection

Chapter 9. Natural Gas Dehydration

9.2 Water Content Determination

9.3 Glycol Dehydration

9.4 Solid Desiccant Dehydration

9.5 Process Selection

Chapter 10. Natural Gas Liquids Recovery

10.2 NGL Recovery Processes

10.3 NGL Fractionation

10.4 Liquids Processing

Chapter 11. Natural Gas Compression

11.2 Reciprocating Compressors

11.3 Centrifugal Compressors

11.4 Comparison Between Compressors

11.5 Compressor Selection

11.6 Thermodynamics of Gas Compression

11.7 Real Gas Behavior and Equations of State

11.8 Compression Ratio

11.9 Compression Design

11.10 Compressor Control

11.11 Compressor Performance Maps

11.12 Example for Operating a Compressor in a Pipeline System

Chapter 12. Sales Gas Transmission

12.2 Gas Flow Fundamentals

12.3 Predicting Gas Temperature Profile

12.4 Transient Flow in Gas Transmission Pipelines

12.5 Compressor Stations and Associated Pipeline Installations

12.6 Design Considerations of Sales Gas Pipelines

12.7 Pipeline Operations

Chapter 13. Selecting the Best Gas Processing Route

13.2 Proposed Technologies for Designing Gas Processing Plants

13.3 Proposed Process Treating Lineups

Chapter 14. Process Control Fundamentals

14.2 Dynamic Process Characteristics

14.3 Closed-Loop Control

14.4 Control Loop Tuning

Chapter 15. Process Modeling in the Natural Gas Processing Industry

15.2 Modeling and Identification Techniques

15.3 Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge-Based Systems

15.4 Implementing a Knowledge-Based System

15.5 Modeling Dynamic Systems

15.6 Artificial Neural Network Application

15.7 Time Series Models

15.8 State-Space Models

15.9 Process Simulation

Chapter 16. Gas Processing Plant Controls and Automation

16.2 Early Methods of Gas Plant Automation

16.3 Microprocessor-Based Automation

16.4 Control of Equipment and Process Systems

16.5 Automation Applications

16.6 Condensate Stabilizer Case Study

Chapter 17. Dynamic Simulation of Gas Processing Plants

17.2 Areas of Application of Dynamic Simulation

17.3 Modeling Considerations

17.4 Control of Equipment and Process Systems

17.5 Case Study I: Analysis of a Fuel Gas System Start-up

17.6 Case Study II: Online Dynamic Model of a Trunk Pipeline

Chapter 18. Real-Time Optimization of Gas Processing Plants

18.2 Real-Time Optimization

18.3 Real-Time Optimization Project Considerations

18.4 Example of Real-Time Optimization

Chapter 19. Environmental Aspects of the Natural Gas Supply Chain

19.2 Atmospheric Impacts

19.3 Aquatic Impacts

19.4 Terrestrial and Ecological Impacts

19.5 Noise Impact

19.6 Other Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas Processing

19.7 Regulatory Framework

19.8 Performance Indicators and Monitoring

19.9 Environmental Impact Assessement of Natural Gas Production and Processing

19.10 Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention in Gas Processing Operations

Chapter 20. Maximizing Profitability of Gas Plant Assets

20.2 The Performance Strategy: Integrated Gas Plant

20.3 Strategies for Organizational Behavior and Information

20.4 Organizational Behavior Model

20.5 The Successful Information Strategy

20.6 The Impact of Living with Information Technology

20.7 Vision of the Modern Plant Operation

20.8 Operations Strategy

20.9 Model-Based Asset Management

20.11 Industrial Relevance

20.12 The Technology Integration Challenge

20.13 Scientific Approach

20.14 Other Miscellaneous Initiatives

Chapter 21. Gas Plant Project Management

21.2 Project Management Overview

21.3 Industry Perspective

21.4 The Project Management Process

21.5 Project Controls

21.6 Quality Assurance

21.7 Commissioning and Start-up

21.8 Operate and Evaluate

21.9 Project Closeout

APPENDIX 1. Three-Phase Flash Calculation for Hydrocarbon Systems Containing Water

APPENDIX 2. Conversion Factors

APPENDIX 3. Physical Properties of Fluids

APPENDIX 4. Glossary

Saeid Mokhatab

Dr. Saeid Mokhatab is an internationally renowned process expert in the fields of natural gas transmission and processing. Over the past two decades, he has been actively involved in different phases of several large-scale projects in the natural gas midstream sector, from conceptual design through facilities startup and operational support. He has also provided consulting services and expert guidance to a number of pioneering technology-based and operating companies in Canada and Europe. He has made significant contributions to his areas of expertise through four reference books (published by Elsevier in the USA) and more than 300 technical papers, many of which have been coauthored with leading experts from the largest international engineering companies and prominent process licensors. To bridge the gap between engineering and the science of natural gas, he founded Elsevier’s peer-reviewed “Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering” which has become a leading publication in the field. He has been an editorial contributor for the 14th edition of the GPSA Engineering Data Book, and has served on the editorial or advisory boards of several other notable publications pertaining to the midstream business. He is a lifetime member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), and has served that organization in various capacities, including as a board member of the London Section. He has also been active in other professional organizations, including the Gas Processors Association Europe (GPAE) and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). He has delivered several invited lectures and short courses for both commercial and academic institutions, and has served on the technical program and advisory committees of many acclaimed midstream gas conferences worldwide. He has received several international awards for his outstanding work and has been featured in a number of prestigious biographical directories.

William A. Poe

William A. “Bill” Poe is a Senior Principal Technical Consultant at AVEVA, the United States. He has over 35 years of international business and industrial experience in design, operations and project management of gas processing plants with a special focus on automation, multivariable predictive control (MPC), advanced process control (APC), optimization design and implementation, and real-time performance monitoring. Bill started his career at Shell Oil Company, USA, in 1981, working over a decade in natural gas processing plants operations and engineering as well as management of multimillion-dollar projects. In 1993, he joined Continental Controls to lead the process engineering department in support of executing contracts with the Gas Research Institute, USA, where he developed new multivariable control applications in the natural gas industry. After joining GE as part of the Continental Controls acquisition, he became vice president of this division of GE where his responsibilities included direction of product development, projects, technical sales support, and customer service for multivariable control and optimization applications in the natural gas industry. In 2001, Bill joined Invensys Process Systems, USA, where he has developed APC and Optimization Master Plans for international companies such as Saudi Aramco, ADNOC, Statoil, and PDVSA, as well as automation and advanced process control feasibility studies for over 100 natural gas processing plants worldwide. After Schneider Electric acquired Invensys Process Systems in 2014 and merged its software division with AVEVA in 2018, he has continued to work with the top gas processing companies. Bill is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Natural Gas Science & Engineering, has authored or co-authored more than 60 technical papers, and made numerous technical presentations at prestigious international conferences. He received the GE Innovators Award in 1999 and attained the Invensys Circle of Excellence in 2011.